FBI Scrutinizes Antiwar Rallies, Studies Tactics Of DemonstratorsMemo Spells Out Agents' Mission: Report All Suspicious Activity To Counterterrorism Squad By ERIC LICHTBLAUPublished on 11/23/2003Washington — The FBI has collected extensive information on the tactics, training and organization of antiwar demonstrators and has advised local law enforcement officials to report any suspicious activity at protests to its counterterrorism squads, according to interviews and a confidential bureau memorandum.The memorandum, which the bureau sent to local law enforcement agencies last month in advance of antiwar demonstrations in Washington and San Francisco, detailed how protesters have sometimes used “training camps” to rehearse for demonstrations, the Internet to raise money, and gas masks to defend against tear gas. The memorandum analyzed lawful activities like recruiting demonstrators, as well as illegal activities like using fake documentation to get into a secured site.FBI officials said in interviews that the intelligence-gathering effort was aimed at identifying anarchists and “extremist elements” plotting violence, not at monitoring the political speech of law-abiding protesters.The initiative has won the support of some local police, who view it as a critical way to maintain order at large-scale demonstrations. Indeed, some law enforcement officials said they believed the FBI's approach had helped to ensure that nationwide antiwar demonstrations in recent months, drawing hundreds of thousands of protesters, remained largely free of violence and disruption.But some civil rights advocates and legal scholars said the monitoring program could signal a return to the well-documented abuses of the 1960s and ‘70s, when J. Edgar Hoover was the FBI director and agents routinely spied on political protesters like the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.“The FBI is dangerously targeting Americans who are engaged in nothing more than lawful protest and dissent,” said Anthony Romero, executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union. “The line between terrorism and legitimate civil disobedience is blurred, and I have a serious concern about whether we're going back to the days of Hoover.”Herman Schwartz, a constitutional law professor at American University who has written about FBI history, said collecting intelligence at demonstrations was probably legal.But he added: “As a matter of principle, it has a very serious chilling effect on peaceful demonstration. If you go around telling people, ‘We're going to ferret out information on demonstrations,' that deters people. People don't want their names and pictures in FBI files.”The abuses of the Hoover era, which included efforts by the FBI to harass and discredit Hoover's political enemies under a program known as Cointelpro, led to tight restrictions on FBI investigations of political activities.Those restrictions were relaxed significantly last year, when Attorney General John Ashcroft issued guidelines giving FBI agents authority to attend political rallies, mosques and any event “that is open to the public.”Ashcroft said the Sept. 11 attacks made it essential that the FBI be allowed to investigate terrorism more aggressively. The bureau's recent strategy in policing demonstrations is an outgrowth of that policy, officials said.“We're not concerned with individuals who are exercising their constitutional rights,” one FBI official said. “But it's obvious that there are individuals capable of violence at these events. We know that there are anarchists that are actively involved in trying to sabotage and commit acts of violence at these different events, and we also know that these large gatherings would be a prime target for terrorist groups.”Civil rights advocates, relying largely on anecdotal evidence, have complained for months that federal officials have surreptitiously sought to suppress the First Amendment rights of antiwar demonstrators.Critics of the Bush administration's Iraq policy, for instance, have sued the government to learn how their names ended up on a “no fly” list used to stop suspected terrorists from boarding planes. Civil rights advocates have accused federal and local authorities in Denver and Fresno, Calif., of spying on antiwar demonstrators or infiltrating planning meetings. And the New York Police Department this year questioned many of those arrested at demonstrations about their political affiliations, before halting the practice and expunging the data in the face of public criticism.The FBI memorandum, however, appears to offer the first corroboration of a coordinated, nationwide effort to collect intelligence regarding demonstrations.The memorandum, circulated on Oct. 15 — just 10 days before many thousands gathered in Washington and San Francisco to protest the U.S. occupation of Iraq — noted that the bureau “possesses no information indicating that violent or terrorist activities are being planned as part of these protests” and that “most protests are peaceful events.”But it pointed to violence at protests against the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank as evidence of potential disruption. Law enforcement officials said in interviews that they had become particularly concerned about the ability of antigovernment groups to exploit demonstrations and promote a violent agenda.“What a great opportunity for an act of terrorism, when all your resources are dedicated to some big event and you let your guard down,” a law enforcement official involved in securing recent demonstrations said. “What would the public say if we didn't look for criminal activity and intelligence at these events?”The memorandum urged local law enforcement officials “to be alert to these possible indicators of protest activity and report any potentially illegal acts” to counterterrorism task forces run by the FBI. It warned about an array of threats, including homemade bombs and the formation of human chains.The memorandum also discussed “innovative strategies” used by demonstrators, like the videotaping of arrests as a means of “intimidation” against the police. And it noted that protesters “often use the Internet to recruit, raise funds, and coordinate their activities prior to demonstrations.”“Activists may also make use of training camps to rehearse tactics and counter-strategies for dealing with the police and to resolve any logistical issues,” the memorandum continued. It also noted that protesters may raise money to help pay for lawyers for those arrested.American and foreign law enforcement officials have observed such tactics in responding to crimes in protests, the memorandum said. FBI counterterrorism officials developed the intelligence cited in the memorandum through many methods, including firsthand observation, informants and public sources like the Internet, officials said.Officials said the FBI treats demonstrations no differently than other large-scale and vulnerable gatherings. The aim, they said, was not to monitor protesters but to gather intelligence.Critics said they remained worried. “What the FBI regards as potential terrorism,” Romero of the ACLU said, “strikes me as civil disobedience.”